Friday 12 September 2014

Commas: practice

See if you can use commas to punctuate the following sentences correctly. The answers are in the comments below.

He left the scene of the accident and tried to forget that it had happened.

Oil which is lighter than water rises to the surface.

Madame de Stael was an attractive gracious lady.

Nice is a word with many meanings and some of them are contradictory.

The contractor testified that the house was completed and that the work had been done properly.

Some people refuse to go to the zoo because of pity for creatures that must live in small cages.

Taxicabs that are dirty are illegal in some cities.

The closet contained worn clothes old shoes and dirty hats.

The uninvited guest wore a dark blue tweed suit.

After surviving this ordeal the trapper felt relieved.

Mark Twain's early novels I believe stand the test of time.

December 7 1941 will never be forgotten.

The field was safe enough wasn't it?

Write the editor of the Atlantic 8 Arlington Street Boston Massachusetts 02116.

He replied "I have no idea what you mean."

After a good washing and grooming the pup looked like a new dog.

Because of their opposition to institutions that force creatures to live in captivity some people refuse to go to the zoo.

Men who are bald are frequently the ones who are the most authoritative on the subject of baldness.

Vests which were once popular have been out of vogue for several years.

As a celestial goddess she regulated the course of the heavenly bodies and controlled the alternating seasons.


I hope that someday he will learn how to be polite.

The correct punctuation for these sentences will appear in the comments below shortly.

Wednesday 3 September 2014

Smirk or Squirm - Session 2

1.      Oficially, I was graduated from my high school on June, 19 2013.
2.      About my family background, we are consist five members.
3.      I moved to Yogyakarta on the third week of August.
4.      I had joined organization when I was in senior high school organization, it’s called osis.
5.      Little bit humorous, and energetic person.
6.      I graduated from The International School of Choueifat where I have been studying in since my primary school years.
7.      Having received very little knowledge about the culture and language is a little nerve-wracking to me.
8.      My name is Sara Ayuka. Most of people call me Yuka but you could call me Sara, even i prefer to be called Yuka.
9.      I was worked hard at least 3 months and finally all of that is paid off.
10. As a human, I love eating delicious food. Sometimes, I have my lunch or dinner with my friends and we like to try the new restaurant.
11. Also being here in Indonesia for already 7 month helps me to get to know culture, people, countrysides, different lifestyles and, what is the most important thing myself.
12. It was really surprising me knowing that the first-ranked university in Indonesia accepted me as its student and I feel like "yay I finally move to a real city surrounded by people, buildings, and cheap food-seller, not a city surrounded by trees and elephants anymore!"
13. i grew up in Jakarta but i spent my first three years since i was born in Medan.
14. I love traveling to, i ever visited for about 15 countries, and because i love traveling i absolutely love photography.
15. Embarrassment is about social situation, but it also has physical symptoms such as blushing, I mean very blushing.
16. High school is indeed the most exciting moment in my life, excluding university life and so on.
17. The reason why I choose management IUP as my major is that my father owns a business on his own, and someday it would be my turn to handle the business.
18. I'm interested to take Business major since my father is a business man and he's currently managing some company and someday i'll take this place and continue his place.
19. People always ask me if I have a Chinese descent or not. This because my eyes are quite small so that’s why people always ask me if I’m a Chinese or not.
20.  I’m from Bandung. Bandung is a beautiful city. Many people visit Bandung, one of city in West Java province, to pamper their taste buds. 

Corrections and suggestions for all these sentences will be found in the COMMENTS below.

Tuesday 2 September 2014

UK Study on "the seven-year itch"

UK study reveals marriage joys and regrets

MANY have heard of the seven-year itch, but it is the fifth year of marriage that is really the toughest, according to new UK research.

A British law firm's study of 2000 married people found the first year was described as a whirlwind of wedded bliss by most, while the third year of marriage was said to be the happiest of all as couples settle into a comfortable co-existence after ironing out any earlier issues.

However, just two years later, couples reported the fifth as the most difficult to get through, due to factors such as tiredness and exhaustion amid increasing workloads.

Those surveyed voted seven years to be "the wall" which, if scaled successfully, paves the way for a long, happy and lasting relationship.

One in 10 admitted "they didn't realise how hard" marriage would be and others confessed to suffering an emotional "comedown" after the high of their wedding day, with one in five admitting there are days when they regret the decision to get hitched completely.

Unbalanced sex drives, different hobbies or social preferences were found to provide stumbling blocks after the first few years.

The study found half of those questioned said their wedding day was the happiest of their life, but the warm glow appears to have quickly faded for many, with a third admitting the love in their marriage has reduced since the big day.

Amanda McAlister, family lawyer at Slater & Gordon, which carried out the research, said couples should not forget that a happy marriage takes effort.

"It's not very often that we see clients in those first few years of marriage but by the five-year mark or a couple of years after they have children we often have married couples asking us for advice," she said.

"The buzz of the first few years where everything is new is hard to maintain and often people find that married life hasn't lived up to their expectations."

From The AustralianHere.

Wednesday 27 August 2014

Declarations Of Independence

READ ABOUT THE ADVENTURES OF BAS & RICHELLE AS THEY DID A PHOTO SHOOT FOR ROYAL AMBARRUKMO HOTEL. SEE THE POSTS MADE 14th OCTOBER BELOW.


 


Talk about how your life is changing - adapting to academic work - where you live - who you live with - problems with student life - trying out new things - new experiences - homesickness - managing your time - keeping a balance between work and play - keeping healthy...


Share your thoughts ~ ask your questions ~ tell us what you think about what other people have to say! 

Use the COMMENTS feature below.



Thoughts About the Future: Advertising

ADS TO GO EVERYWHERE

Could ads to go everywhere be the very next new thing? I was reading how Google has found a way to put ads on iPhones and other mobile devices through a new acquisition called AdMob. According to a 2009 article, Google purchased AdMob for $750 million from its founder Omar Hamoui, 32, who created the business four years previously while in grad school at the University of Pennsylvania ’s Wharton School.


The system is considered a breakthrough because Hamoui found a way to get through the controls that wireless carriers impose on the content that customers can see on their phones. These controls have been termed “walled gardens” since they were protecting the content, and the carriers were like Godfathers with protected turf deciding who could enter.

But Hamoui ’s AdMob system meant that anyone could get through, and after Apple introduced the iPhone and provided a platform where users could chose their own applications, over 100,000 developers created new apps for it. Apple was able to charge only a few dollars or even give the programs away because of the revenue from AdMob ’s ad network.

The program has proved so successful that since its creation, AdMob, which now has 150 employees, has provided almost 140 billion ads on mobile Web sites and apps. Its revenue for 2009 was $45 to $60 million, and it doubled its income this year after tripling it in the previous year. No wonder Google wanted to buy it for $750 million.


The way AdMob works is that it lets programmers decide where they want their ads to show up while their apps run on a phone. As a result, advertisers, who may be app makers or mass marketers, can decide how to target their ads. They can, for example, advertise to anyone with an iPhone or choose a particular demographic. In turn, this targeting means more clicks per ad. For instance, Hamoui reports that users commonly click ads five to eight times more often on a mobile phone than when they see ads on a desktop computer.

AdMob has competitors that also put ads on phones, such as Jumptap, Mojiva, and AOL, but currently AdMob appears to be the market leader and is likely to stay there with Google ’s purchase. After all, Google seems to have a good sense for picking one of the very next new things. In 2006, it purchased the Internet ’s top video channel YouTube for $1.76 billion. And in 2008, it acquired DoubleClick, an advertising reporting system that helps Web publishers, marketers, and ad agencies target ads and assess them for the best performance.


What this means is that you are likely to see more and more ads wherever you are. Use an app on your cell phone, and see an ad. Take a picture and share it with others, and see an ad. Get stranded in your car, and see an ad as you call for help and report where you are. Let others know about this cool new song you just heard, and see an ad as the song plays. In other words, you can expect to be increasingly surrounded by ads wherever you are. It ’s great that all these apps will make life easier and more interesting—and to help make that fi nancially appealing for the provider, you ’ll see an ad.

Thus, wherever you go, you ’ll be seeing more and more ads everywhere—all part of the sea of ads that contribute to the branding and promotion of everything in modern life.

Indonesia's middle class


Missing BRIC in the wall

A consumer boom masks familiar problems in South-East Asia’s biggest economy

The Economist | JAKARTA | from the print edition


THE hoardings on the slow car journey out of the centre of Jakarta are advertising just two items at the moment: smartphones and scooters. Banks occasionally intrude, but only to offer cheap loans to buy one or the other. Lucky customers. And at the moment, what’s good for the customer is good for Indonesia.

The country is in the middle of a consumer boom, which is fuelling growth in South-East Asia’s giant. With a population of 238m, Indonesia has long had the potential to become one of the world’s biggest economies—if it could get the economic fundamentals right. Can it?

Last year Indonesia had one of the best-performing economies in the G20 club, growing by 6%. Even as the rating agencies busily revise rich countries’ creditworthiness downwards, Indonesia’s has been going the other way. It is now only a notch below investment grade. Indonesians think their economy could soon join the informal club of Brazil, Russia, India and China as a leader of the new world economic order: they want to be among the BRIICs.


Yet this is optimistic. Like Brazil, but unlike China and India, Indonesia owes much of its success to nothing smarter or more high-tech than a commodities boom. Coal and gas go to China and India, palm oil to the world. Money is pouring into the country, yet little goes into fixing long-term problems that impede growth. Indonesia has a once-in-a-generation chance to move beyond its commodities-based economy. It is not clear it will take it.

At the moment, consumption accounts for almost half of GDP growth. Nomura, a Japanese bank, reckons Indonesia is creating a middle class (defined as one with disposable household income of over $3,000 per year) helter-skelter. The country’s bourgeoisie, 1.6m in 2004, now numbers about 50m. On Nomura’s measure, that is more than India and bigger than elsewhere in the region (see chart). The number could reach almost 150m by 2014, representing one of the world’s most enticing markets. Newly affluent Indonesians are certainly spending.


Take one of their principal objects of desire, two-wheel scooters. Last year about 8m were sold in Indonesia, dwarfing sales in the rest of South-East Asia (1.7m in Thailand, for instance). Sales in India were only slightly greater, at 11.3m (China sold 16m). With rising incomes comes a desire for flashier brands. For years Honda and Yamaha had the market largely to themselves. But Italy’s Piaggio has relaunched its relatively expensive Vespa in Jakarta, after being squeezed out in the 1980s. Car sales are also growing rapidly, to about 750,000 last year.

Or take smartphones. Indonesians have leap-frogged a generation of technology, and now download data and use social media largely through smartphones, rather than mobile phones and personal computers. The increase in sales has been extraordinary; the country is one of the largest markets for Research in Motion (RIM), makers of the BlackBerry. Indonesia claims the second-largest number of Facebook members in the world, and the third-largest number of Twitter users. Companies struggle to keep up with demand for the essentials of a consumer society. Unilever has been squeezing out most of Indonesia’s toothpaste for decades; now its fastest-growing product is ice-cream, followed by skincare products.


James Castle, a consultant and former head of Indonesia’s International Business Chamber, argues that, whereas big companies used to be able to ignore Indonesia for more obvious destinations, nowadays “if you’re not here, you have to have a reason.” That is a big change. But Mr Castle also gives warning that too many companies do find a reason—and certainly do not set up manufacturing plants. Unlike in regional competitors such as Vietnam, manufacturing has lagged behind almost every other sector of the economy. It is noticeable that a high share of the new consumer desirables is imported.

For Indonesia remains, in many respects, a hard country to do business in, especially compared with the rest of the region. Its infrastructure is poor, adding hugely to production costs. Almost every other neighbour is building new ports or expanding old ones, but Indonesia’s lag far behind in efficiency and productivity. In the World Bank’s 2010 Logistics Performance Index, it ranks a lowly 75th, well below Thailand, Malaysia and even the Philippines. This means a lot of foreign investment that might want to go to Indonesia now goes elsewhere.

And then there are continuing problems of corruption and what Mr Castle calls “non-transparent random regulations”, which he says are the biggest impediments to business. In Indonesia’s murky political system, regulations often emerge out of the blue, and can contradict existing ones. At least there are signs of change. A land-acquisition bill wending its way through parliament would, if passed, make it easier to force through infrastructure projects. The government even wants to ban some raw-material exports, hoping to dragoon mining companies into building smelters and exporting higher-value goods. But more needs to be done while the going is good.

Can you shape your children's taste in music?

THERE HAS BEEN PLENTY OF DISCUSSION ON THIS TOPIC. SEE THE COMMENTS BELOW.

Many parents can't help but try to shape their children's taste in music. But is it an effort doomed to failure, or worse, will it make children hate the music their parents love, and love the music their parents hate?


baby headphones

It might be something like this. Great-grandparents like classical (Mahler), grandparents like jazz (Ellington), parents like rock (Queen), children may be ready to graduate from In the Night Garden to Gangnam Style.

Parents have an interest in finding some musical common ground with their children, if only for five-hour car journeys.

"Every father wants his son to follow his own football team," says Jeremy Summerly, a British conductor and lecturer at the Royal Academy of Music.

"And I imagine that every parent has some kind of innate desire to want their child to enjoy the same kind of music that they did."

But times change.

"The sort of music that was fashionable to the parent may have become distinctly unfashionable by the time the child is of the same age," says Summerly.

One parent who is navigating these reefs at the moment is Tom Hodgkinson, satirist and author of The Idle Parent. Hodgkinson is well aware of the risks in trying to shape a child's taste.

"There's an episode of The Simpsons in which Homer's in the car playing his 70s rock to the kids, and they just groan," says Hodgkinson.



But nonetheless he has tried, gently, to shape his children's' taste.

"For a while the four of us, my wife and I and the children, had piano lessons together. At the moment my son has got into the ukulele and he wanders around the house playing it. He's also in a band called Purple Inferno.

"Sometimes I'll be driving and I'll ask Arthur, my 12-year-old, if he knows the first two albums of The Red Hot Chili Peppers, and he'll download them and play them in the car," says Hodgkinson.

"The other day I heard him playing along to the bass line of God Save the Queen - the Sex Pistols version, not the national anthem - and I felt pleased. I thought, 'That's my boy,'" says Hodgkinson who played in a punk band at university.

The cellist Julian Lloyd Webber thinks that you can't impose your taste on your children but you can guide them, as he did with his own son David.

"You want to introduce your child to the things you believe are the best. When my son was eight years old I took him to see [the Russian cellist Mstislav] Rostropovich. That's a special thing to have seen and it will stay with David all his life," says Lloyd Webber.



In other homes, the musical influences are passed on less deliberately.

"I can't say that I ever tried to shape my children's taste in music or thought about doing so," says Jem Finer, artist and founder member of The Pogues.

He says his daughters, Ella and Kitty, had to live with whatever was being played in the house and deal with whatever musical instruments were lying around.

While Finer was playing Captain Beefheart, the blues, Greek, Irish, Spanish and Turkish music, Finer's wife, the artist Marcia Farquhar, was playing the girls Bernard Bresslaw's comic songs, Beethoven and - when their father wasn't around - the Pogues.

Clearly something rubbed off. Ella, 29, has just completed a doctorate in the voice in theatre and Kitty, 27, is an artist and songwriter.

But sometimes despite all the efforts of the parents there isn't much effect.

"Some children follow what their parents say and what their parents like. They enjoy living in the image of their parents, and other children do precisely the opposite," says Summerly.

"If the parent goes Mahler, the child will go Lady Gaga."

Employing a bit of "child psychology" might be an idea. Knowing the tendency of children to rebel, if you want them to like your music, perhaps you might consider banning it in the home, says Summerly.

"You might find that all of a sudden the child thirsts for the string quartets of Haydn and takes to listening to them in private."

It seems that the musical environment at home does not necessarily influence what a child grows up to enjoy.

"I grew up in a house where, predominantly, classical music was played. And I couldn't stand classical music," says Finer.

"I remember [Sergei Prokofiev's] Peter and the Wolf being bought for me as a child and having no interest in it whatsoever," says Finer.

"I could only respond to much more basic, primal music, like rock'n'roll, until my mind developed," says Finer.

But what happens when the effort to shape the child's taste actually works too well?

kid at festival

For those parents tempted to wean their children off the current playground hit in favour of late classical and early romantic music - Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, say - Summerly has a warning for you.

"You have to be very careful that if you introduce your child to that and they do follow you, they might alienate themselves from their friends at school.

"You could be stopping your children from growing up in a normal way with other children whose musical diet will be that of CBeebies," says Summerly.

Hodgkinson is well aware of the other problem that parents can find themselves in.

"I would kind of like to go see Metallica with my son but there's something terrible about dad and son being into the same band. It is my responsibility to hate it," says Hodgkinson.

Perhaps what Hodgkinson wants to guard against is a kind of arrested development.

"At the moment I am getting into medieval and baroque music. When I play it in the car my son just groans. Part of me feels that children ought to like different music from their parents," says Hodgkinson.

For most parents the desire to shape a child's taste is positive - emerging from the wish to share what they love.

Summerly believes that music can profoundly educate and guide our feelings.

"If a parent believes that music is first a mirror of the soul or secondly that it can actually encourage good behaviour or that it is a major part of educational development, then it stands to reason that the parent will try to foster the child's engagement with a particular kind of music," says Summerly.

Playing even the simplest musical instrument and playing together with other people is something that should be open to all.

mahler gaga

"When I grew up... I was told I was tone deaf," says Finer, "so I wasn't even worth considering for any kind of music lessons."

Finer now plays the banjo, guitar, hurdy-gurdy, mandola, and saxophone.

Whatever parents do or don't do to shape their children's taste, they seem to find what they like. Perhaps all that parents need to do is to open the doors for children, introduce them, in Lloyd Webber's phrase, "to some of the greatest achievements of mankind" and let them explore at them their leisure.

"There are no mistakes, they will find their own taste anyway," says Lloyd Webber.

By Robin Banerji - BBC World Service  19 November 2012. Taken from HERE.

The decline of Asian marriage

THERE HAS BEEN PLENTY OF DISCUSSION ON THIS TOPIC ~ ALMOST 60 COMMENTS SO FAR. SEE THE LATEST ONES BELOW.

The Economist: LEADER COLUMN

Asia's lonely hearts

Women are rejecting marriage in Asia. The social implications are serious



Twenty years ago a debate erupted about whether there were specific “Asian values”. Most attention focused on dubious claims by autocrats that democracy was not among them. But a more intriguing, if less noticed, argument was that traditional family values were stronger in Asia than in America and Europe, and that this partly accounted for Asia's economic success. In the words of Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore and a keen advocate of Asian values, the Chinese family encouraged “scholarship and hard work and thrift and deferment of present enjoyment for future gain”.

On the face of it his claim appears persuasive still. In most of Asia, marriage is widespread and illegitimacy almost unknown. In contrast, half of marriages in some Western countries end in divorce, and half of all children are born outside wedlock. The recent riots across Britain, whose origins many believe lie in an absence of either parental guidance or filial respect, seem to underline a profound difference between East and West.

Yet marriage is changing fast in East, South-East and South Asia, even though each region has different traditions. The changes are different from those that took place in the West in the second half of the 20th century. Divorce, though rising in some countries, remains comparatively rare. What's happening in Asia is a flight from marriage (see the longer version article).

Marriage rates are falling partly because people are postponing getting hitched. Marriage ages have risen all over the world, but the increase is particularly marked in Asia. People there now marry even later than they do in the West. The mean age of marriage in the richest places—Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong Kong—has risen sharply in the past few decades, to reach 29-30 for women and 31-33 for men.

A lot of Asians are not marrying later. They are not marrying at all. Almost a third of Japanese women in their early 30s are unmarried; probably half of those will always be. Over one-fifth of Taiwanese women in their late 30s are single; most will never marry. In some places, rates of non-marriage are especially striking: in Bangkok, 20% of 40-44-year old women are not married; in Tokyo, 21%; among university graduates of that age in Singapore, 27%. So far, the trend has not affected Asia's two giants, China and India. But it is likely to, as the economic factors that have driven it elsewhere in Asia sweep through those two countries as well; and its consequences will be exacerbated by the sex-selective abortion practised for a generation there. By 2050, there will be 60m more men of marriageable age than women in China and India.

The joy of staying single

Women are retreating from marriage as they go into the workplace. That's partly because, for a woman, being both employed and married is tough in Asia. Women there are the primary caregivers for husbands, children and, often, for ageing parents; and even when in full-time employment, they are expected to continue to play this role. This is true elsewhere in the world, but the burden that Asian women carry is particularly heavy. Japanese women, who typically work 40 hours a week in the office, then do, on average, another 30 hours of housework. Their husbands, on average, do three hours. And Asian women who give up work to look after children find it hard to return when the offspring are grown. Not surprisingly, Asian women have an unusually pessimistic view of marriage. According to a survey carried out this year, many fewer Japanese women felt positive about their marriage than did Japanese men, or American women or men.

At the same time as employment makes marriage tougher for women, it offers them an alternative. More women are financially independent, so more of them can pursue a single life that may appeal more than the drudgery of a traditional marriage. More education has also contributed to the decline of marriage, because Asian women with the most education have always been the most reluctant to wed—and there are now many more highly educated women.

No marriage, no babies

The flight from marriage in Asia is thus the result of the greater freedom that women enjoy these days, which is to be celebrated. But it is also creating social problems. Compared with the West, Asian countries have invested less in pensions and other forms of social protection, on the assumption that the family will look after ageing or ill relatives. That can no longer be taken for granted. The decline of marriage is also contributing to the collapse in the birth rate. Fertility in East Asia has fallen from 5.3 children per woman in the late 1960s to 1.6 now. In countries with the lowest marriage rates, the fertility rate is nearer 1.0. That is beginning to cause huge demographic problems, as populations age with startling speed. And there are other, less obvious issues. Marriage socialises men: it is associated with lower levels of testosterone and less criminal behaviour. Less marriage might mean more crime.

Can marriage be revived in Asia? Maybe, if expectations of those roles of both sexes change; but shifting traditional attitudes is hard. Governments cannot legislate away popular prejudices. They can, though, encourage change. Relaxing divorce laws might, paradoxically, boost marriage. Women who now steer clear of wedlock might be more willing to tie the knot if they know it can be untied—not just because they can get out of the marriage if it doesn't work, but also because their freedom to leave might keep their husbands on their toes. Family law should give divorced women a more generous share of the couple's assets. Governments should also legislate to get employers to offer both maternal and paternal leave, and provide or subsidise child care. If taking on such expenses helped promote family life, it might reduce the burden on the state of looking after the old.

Asian governments have long taken the view that the superiority of their family life was one of their big advantages over the West. That confidence is no longer warranted. They need to wake up to the huge social changes happening in their countries and think about how to cope with the consequences.

If you find this topic interesting, this article HERE goes into more detail. It is taken from the same edition of The Economist.

Six Stages of the Essay Writing Process 6


Stage Six: Editing

If you were snatched away right now by aliens and never seen again, you’d still get a reasonable mark for your writing piece. It’s got plenty of ideas, they’re in the right order, and the whole thing flows without gaps or bulges. However, in the event of an alien abduction it would be comforting to know that you’d left a really superior piece of writing behind. The way to achieve this is through the last step of the writing process: editing.

What is editing, exactly?

Basically ‘editing’ means making your piece as reader-friendly as possible by making the sentences flow in a  clear, easy-to-read way. It also means bringing your piece of writing into line with accepted ways of using English: using the appropriate grammar for the purposes of the piece, appropriate punctuation and spelling, and appropriate paragraphing.

Why edit?

I’ve used the word ‘appropriate’ rather than ‘correct’ because language is a living, changing thing and the idea of it being ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ is less important than whether it suits its purpose . . . there’s nothing wrong with those thongs, but maybe not for a job interview! It’s all about being practical. If you use spellings that aren’t the usual ones, or grammar that isn’t what we’ve come to accept as ‘right’, it will distract your readers. Instead of thinking ‘what wonderful ideas this person has’, they’ll think ‘this person can’t spell’. It will break the trance of reading. Readers can be irritated and troubled by unconventional usage (I’ve had dozens of letters from readers about the fact that I don’t use inverted commas around dialogue in some of my novels). It’s your right to make up new ways to do things, but expect to pay a price for it. In the case of a school essay, this price might be a lower mark. (Like everything else about the English language, there are exceptions to this. Imaginative writing often plays fast and loose with accepted ways of using English in order to achieve a particular effect.)

The read-through

As with revising, the first thing to do is to read the piece all the way through, looking for problems. Make a note of where you think there are problems, but don’t stop to fix them. Once you’ve found them all, you can go back and take your time fixing each one. If there’s even the slightest feeling in the back of your mind that something might not be quite right, don’t try to talk yourself out of that feeling.

As writers, we all want our piece to be perfect, so we have a tendency to read it as if it is perfect, with a selective blindness for all its problems. For that reason, this is a good moment to ask someone else to look at it for you. To make a piece as user-friendly as possible, you need to check the piece for style, grammar and presentation.

Editing for style

You made a decision about style back at the start of Stage Four, but in the heat of the moment as you wrote your draft, style might have slipped or changed. You might have forgotten a technical term, or been unable to  think of the proper word for something, or you might have got your thoughts tangled up in long complicated sentences. That’s fine—that shows you had your priorities right: get the broad shape of the essay right first, not get bogged down in detail. But now the moment has come to get to grips with all those details of style. The main point about style in an essay is that it should always be the servant of meaning. In an essay, a style that draws attention to itself has failed. The aim of an essay is to get your ideas across strongly and clearly—the style is just the vehicle to convey the ideas.

Questions to ask about style

Have I used the style most appropriate to an essay?

  • An essay should be written in a reasonably formal style. It should be in the third person or the passive voice. ‘I’ is generally not appropriate.

Have I chosen the most appropriate words for this style?

  • To achieve a formal style, individual words shouldn’t be slangy or too casual. You’ll be expected to use the proper technical terms where appropriate. On the other hand, your essay shouldn’t be overloaded with pompous or obscure words. If a simple word does the job, use it.
  • Does the writing give the reader a smooth ride or a bumpy one?
  • In a first draft it’s very easy to get yourself into long complicated sentences containing too many ideas. This is the time to simplify them. Even if a long complicated sentence is grammatically correct, it’s generally awkward and hard to read. Try it out loud—if it’s hard to get it right, or if it sounds clunky, rewrite it. It’s much better to have two or three straightforward sentences than a big baggy monster.
  • On the other hand, the ‘See Spot run’ variety of sentence gets pretty mind-numbing after a while. If you have too many short, choppy sentences you may need to look at ways of connecting some of them, using words such as ‘although’, ‘in addition’, ‘on the other hand’…
  • If all the sentences are constructed exactly the same way, you should look at ways of varying them.

Go back to Stage Four to remind yourself about style.

Editing for grammar

Imaginative writing may have a little latitude with grammar, but an essay has none—the grammar just has to be right.Grammar is a big subject, and for a proper understanding of it, I strongly suggest you get a specialised book on the subject. This is a quick checklist of some of the most common grammatical problems.

Questions to ask about grammar

  • Is this really a complete sentence?
  • Have I joined two complete sentences with only a comma between them?
  • Do my subjects agree with my verbs?
  • Have I changed tense or person without meaning to?
  • Is one bit of my sentence somehow attached to the wrong thing?
  • Have I put enough commas in? Or too many?
  • Have I put apostrophes in the right places?
  • If I’ve used colons and semicolons, have I used them properly?
  • If I’ve used inverted commas and brackets, have I used them properly?
  • Have I put paragraph breaks in the best places?
  • Have I trusted the computer grammar checker too much?

Editing for presentation

Presentation probably shouldn’t matter, but let’s face it, it does. No matter how well-researched and clearly argued your essay is, it (and your mark) will be undermined by spelling mistakes, messy-looking layout or illegible handwriting.
Questions to ask about presentation

Is my spelling correct?

  • You’d think that using a computer spell checker would solve all spelling problems. However, if an incorrect spelling is in fact a legitimate word, the computer won’t always pick it up as a mistake.
  • Be aware, also, that computer spell checkers may also suggest US spellings, which aren’t always the same as Australian ones, and they are very bad at names of people and places.
  • If you’re not using a computer, go through your writing very carefully for spelling. If you have even the faintest shadow of doubt about the spelling of a word, look it up in a dictionary. There are certain words that all of us find hard—words like ‘accommodation’, ‘necessary’, ‘disappoint’—so if you get to a word that you know is often a problem, double-check it even if you think it’s right.
  • Another reader can also be a big help in picking up spelling errors. If there are two perfectly good spellings of a word, choose one and use it consistently.
Does my layout make my piece look good?
  • Layout means the way the text is arranged on the page. Layout makes a huge psychological difference to your reader. A piece that’s crammed tightly on the page with no space anywhere and few paragraph breaks can look dense and uninviting. A piece that’s irregular—different spacing on different parts, different amounts of indentation or different spacing between the lines—looks jerky and unsettling.
  • Your layout should allow plenty of ‘air’ around the text, with generous margins all round.
  • You should leave some space between the lines, too—not only for comments by the teacher, but also because your text is easier on the eye if there’s good separation between the lines.
  • It’s just human nature to prefer something pleasant to deal with and—contrary to some opinions—teachers are, in fact, human. So make sure your piece of writing is as legible as you can make it. If it’s handwritten, write as clearly as you can and don’t let the writing get too small or too sloping. On a computer, stick to one of
  • the standard text fonts (New York or Times New Roman, for example). Don’t use fancy fonts. Use 10- or 12-point type size. If your piece isn’t long enough, the teacher won’t be fooled by 16-point type. Human, yes. Entirely stupid—not usually.

Does my title help the reader enter the essay?

Your essay may have a title: The Water Cycle. Or it may have a heading: Term 2 assignment: ‘What Were the Causes of World War I?’. Whatever the title is, it should tell the reader exactly what the writing task is.

Have I acknowledged other people’s contributions to my essay?

  • Most essay writers use other people’s work to some extent. Sometimes they use it as background reading. Sometimes they specifically use information someone else has gathered or insights someone else has had. Sometimes they actually quote someone else’s words.
  • It’s very important to acknowledge this help, and say exactly where it comes from. This is partly simple gratitude, but it also means that other people can go and check your sources, to find out if, as you claim in your essay, Einstein really did say the earth was flat.
  • You should acknowledge other people’s work in two ways: first, in a bibliography at the end of your essay. This is just a list of all the sources of information that you’ve used. List them alphabetically by author’s surname, with information in this order: author, title, publisher and place and date of publication (or the address of the website).
  • As well as appearing in the bibliography, sources that you’ve used in a direct way should also be acknowledged in the essay itself—for example, ‘As Bloggs points out, Einstein was not always right.’
  • The titles of any books that you refer to should be in italics (if you’re using a computer) or underlined (if you’re writing by hand).

Editing an Essay: 5 steps

1. Read the piece through
  • Don’t stop to fix mistakes, just mark them.
2. Is the style okay?
Ask yourself:
  • Have I chosen the style that’s most appropriate for an essay? (Remember, an essay is aiming to persuade or inform.)
  • Have I chosen particular words that jar with this style? (Check for over-casual, conversational words or ‘ordinary’ words where a technical one would be more appropriate.)
  • Have I chosen to construct sentences in a way that jars with the style? (Look for short, simplistic sentences, also for needlessly pretentious ones.)
3. Is the grammar okay?
Ask yourself:
  • Have I written any sentence fragments?
  • Have I written any run-on sentences?
  • Do my subjects agree with my verbs?
  • Have I changed tense or person?
  • Have I dangled any modifiers?
  • Have I shown the pause I intended by using commas?
  • Have I used apostrophes in the right places?
  • Have I used colons or semicolons correctly?
  • Have I used inverted commas or brackets correctly?
  • Are there plenty of paragraph breaks, and are they in the most natural places?
4. Is the presentation okay?
Ask yourself:
  • Have I checked spellings? (Be careful of sound-alikes such as their/there/ they’re.)
  • Is my layout orderly and well spaced?
  • Have I found the best title for my piece, which prepares the reader for the essay?
  • Have I acknowledged sources of ideas and information in a bibliography?
5. Print out the piece and read it through again
  • Repeat the steps above, if necessary. Then print and read it again.
  • If everything seems OK in the final read-through, the essay is finished.

IN THIS SERIES ABOUT THE ESSAY WRITING PROCESS:

Stage One: Getting Ideas >
Stage Two: Choosing Ideas >
Stage Three: Outling >
Stage Four: Drafting >
Stage Four: Revising >
Stage Six: Editing

Social media in Indonesia

Eat, pray, tweet

Social-networking sites have taken off in Indonesia. Who will profit?


Jan 6th 2011 | JAKARTA | from the print edition of The Economist

WHAT does the most populous Muslim nation do in its spare time? Increasingly, it swaps gossip online. Indonesia is now the world’s second-largest market for Facebook and the third-largest for Twitter, according to several web research firms. For industry insiders, however, the most exciting statistic is not how many Indonesians use social media, but how many still don’t. Of 230m or so Indonesians, fewer than 20% are connected to the internet.

Foreign firms see untapped potential. Facebook doesn’t even have an office in Indonesia, yet it has grown like crazy, to 30m users. In May last year Yahoo! ventured into this fizzing market by buying Koprol, a location-based social network. Indonesian culture seems particularly receptive to online socialising. People love publicity, don’t fret much about privacy and gleefully follow trends. “Everything is about friends and location,” says Andy Zain, the founder of MobileMonday Indonesia, a networking forum.


The biggest question for everyone is how to make money from Indonesians’ interest in connecting with one another. Michael Smith, who led Yahoo!’s acquisition of Koprol, says the payoff will take time: “I always tell people that the volumes and willingness of customers to pay in Indonesia [are] so low that you can’t expect gargantuan revenues from it today.”

Western firms are only just beginning to grasp the eccentricities of the Indonesian social-media market. Thanks to years of price wars between Indonesia’s three major telecommunications companies, mobile contracts in the country are dirt-cheap. For Indonesians living in North America, it is often cheaper to buy an Indonesian SIM card and roam with it than it is to sign up for a local plan.

Phones are cheap, too: the country is flooded with Chinese handsets costing only $30-40. Indonesia is also one of the largest markets for Research In Motion (RIM), the maker of BlackBerrys. Indonesians typically connect with each other via mobile devices, not personal computers.

Facebook and Google make money in North America and Europe from display advertising, but this is much harder in Indonesia. Few locals have credit cards or bank accounts, making it hard for them to click on a link and buy something. For large purchases online, payment is generally made by bank transfer. Social-media firms are investigating whether they can tap the microtransactions market—say, by offering virtual currencies or goods that users can use as barter—though forced partnerships with local telecoms firms threaten the profitability of such schemes.

So far, only one firm has cracked the payments nut. Inspired by China’s QQ and Grameen Phone of Bangladesh, Mig33, a firm whose main product is a mobile social-networking application, has set up a virtual economy. Some 4,000 merchants in 150 countries sell “credits” to users, who then can spend them online: sending messages to friends, playing games, or sending virtual gifts. The firm has raised $34m in funding since its inception in 2005. Its founder, Steven Goh, says it will post profits this year. Indonesia is its largest market.

When hobnobbing in cyberspace, Indonesians are especially likely to use avatars rather than real pictures of themselves, says Mr Goh. “Indonesia is a moderate Muslim country where people are creating new virtual identities completely different [from] their real identities,” he explains. Users with black eyes and black hair, say, may create virtual personae with grey eyes and blond hair.

This is common elsewhere in East Asia and in the Middle East, too. But Indonesia is a special case, reckons Mr Goh: its social networks freely integrate both real and imagined selves. The archipelago could prove a useful test market for tech firms seeking to enter the wide-open and barely understood social-networking markets of the rest of Asia.

from the print edition | Business

Can Indonesia create the world's largest public health system?

BBC Documentary

Indonesia: The Humungous Healthcare Plan

Thu, 7 Nov 13

Duration: 27 mins

Can Indonesia create the world's largest public health system?

Claire Bolderson investigates.

Download mp3.

South Korea launches tourism police

The Japan News by The Yomiuri Shimbun

A special police unit that patrols tourist spots was launched in South Korea on Oct. 16. The aim of the tourism police is to make areas that are popular among foreign visitors safe through their patrol activities, according to sources.



The number of foreign tourists to South Korea reached a record 11 million in 2012. More and more people are interested in the country, as its music and TV dramas are popular worldwide these days. The South Korean government wants to attract more foreign tourists to the county because they spend money by shopping and staying at hotels.

However, petty crime targeting foreign tourists has been a problem. Tourists’ complaints include overcharging by taxi drivers. Many have also complained that they were accosted by strangers on the street in shopping and entertainment districts and taken to shops where merchandise is priced higher than at normal shops.

The tourism police unit, consisting of 101 officers, will handle such problems. Their stylish uniform was made by a designer who also created a Korean pop star’s costumes. [Japan News]

Coconut water: all it's cracked up to be?


Coconut water contains natural sugars and some important vitamins and minerals, but is it the wonder tonic the hype suggests? Katy Salter reports

The Brazilians have been drinking it for years. So have people in India, south east Asia, the Caribbean and anywhere else that the coconut palm grows. Now coconut water has been liberated from its natural container and packaged for sale in the rest of the world. America's been quaffing it since 2004. Britain has come late to the party but here, marketed with crushing inevitability as a celebrity-endorsed natural sports drink, sales are growing fast: Vita Coco, which accounts for more than 9 of every 10 servings sold in the UK, is reporting sales up 122% year on year.

A green coconut

Then you've got Coke's ZICO and smaller brands like Cracker Coco, Grace, Tiana, and Biona. Vita Coco, ZICO, Tiana and Biona use 100% coconut water, Grace uses 85% coconut water plus ordinary water, and some brands, such as Cracker Coco, use coconut water in a mixed fruit juice. You can even sup directly from the coconut, thanks to start-ups like Cocoface, which sells fresh young coconuts from Thailand at markets and online.

Coconut water is the liquid found inside young, green coconuts. It's used in cooking too - Alice Hart cites it as a traditional ingredient in Thit Heo Kho Tau, a Vietnamese braised pork dish. "The coconut water is slightly sweet and balances out the salt in the braising liquid. You could also cook rice in coconut water, but dilute it with water or stock." Whatever you do, don't try substituting coconut water for coconut milk in recipes: unlike coconut milk, which comes from squeezing or grating the flesh of mature coconuts, the water contains no fat. "They're entirely different ingredients," says Hart. "It would be akin to saying sweetened skimmed milk can be subbed in for double cream."

But it's probably most popular as a drink. Fans prefer it to day-glo sports drinks, pointing to its lack of refined sugars and other additives, and it's also gaining popularity as an alternative to juices and smoothies. "Coconut water is rich in potassium, which enhances the body's ability to hydrate, making it perfect to drink after exercise," says Dana James, a nutritionist. "People drink it as a hangover remedy for the same reason. The magnesium also helps to enhance hydration."

The natural sugars provide energy, and nutritionists advise drinking it in moderation. "Coconut water does contain calories, so shouldn't be substituted for water or other lower-calorie drinks when trying to lose weight," says Helena Gibson-Moore of the British Nutrition Foundation.

Indeed, the marketing of coconut water as wonder tonic and natural sports drink has been somewhat overplayed. "Coconut water isn't the cure-all it's cracked up to be," concluded a 2011 report by the LA Times. Some nutritionists contest its value as a post-exercise drink, because it contains more potassium than sodium, but "we lose more sodium than potassium [when we exercise] and coconut water cannot really replace it," says Sue Baic, a registered dietician and nutritionist. "There doesn't seem to be a lot of evidence to support claims for sports recovery."

So coconut water contains some important vitamins and minerals, and natural sugars as opposed to refined ones. It won't give you the body of Rihanna or compensate for an otherwise unhealthy diet, but if you like its distinctive, slightly sour taste then follow the advice of nutritionists and enjoy it in small quantities. It's certainly better for you than a fizzy drink.

Taken from The Guardian [U.K.] HERE.

The consequences of having a ‘foreign’ name

Clockwise, from left: Tulisa Contostavlos, Lionel Blue, Idris Elba, Priti Patel, Mo Farah, Kanak "Konnie" Huq and Chuka Umunna

There's a multicultural panoply of names in many British school registers these days. But once many people found themselves wishing for a plain "British" name, writes Sangita Myska.

Some things in life should be simple, like booking a table at a restaurant, ordering a takeaway or pretty much anything that involves saying my name - either on the telephone or in person.

Yet, for me, it never has been.

For years, my name's been put through the verbal mincer to produce a truly ghastly feast of phonetic sausage meat - my favourite being "Fang-eater".

Growing up in the 1980s, it was the endless stream of awkward corrections and garbled pronunciation that made me hanker after a name English people could pronounce.

Having said that, I've stuck with it. Exactly why, I'm not entirely sure. I know plenty of other immigrants who have anglicised, adapted or ditched altogether their distinctly foreign-sounding names. And I've often wondered why in modern, multicultural Britain they feel they should.

These questions have led me on a fascinating journey through the landscape of Britain's immigrant names.

I started by getting the view of a kindred spirit, a woman from a small place in western India who started life with a big-name - Rohini Kanegowker.

Rohini was spared the full extent of my particular rite of passage and has always been known as Rita.

"My dad came over to England in the 60s," she says. "But I think back in the 70s, when I was born, you wanted to try and let your kids... fit in like everybody else. My parents gave me a nickname and it stuck. The principle was that I would have a name that people could pronounce. I grew up in a very small town in Kent. There just weren't any other Indian families."

The desire to fit in is a universal human trait and the stakes get much higher if you've got the only brown face in a white world.

Rita's moniker stuck but her titular travels were far from over. It was when she married a Welshman and started a family that her metamorphosis was complete. "I'm now called Mrs Green, which is incredibly simple to say," she says.

Rita may be delighted by the convenience but she acknowledges this change severed the link between her name and her British Indian identity. "When I speak to somebody on the phone who has never seen me before, they would never, ever realise that I am Indian in any way. I really, really miss that."

Asian immigrants from Uganda arrive in Britain in 1972

British Asians, like Rita, aren't the only immigrants to have faced the cultural, racial and religious dilemma of assimilation versus integration. Neither are they the first immigrants to adopt a sort of nom de plume, under which they hoped to pen a new story in a new land.

So what, if anything, can we learn from the decisions made by earlier generations of immigrants? Anglo-Jewish historian David Jacobs possesses an encyclopaedic knowledge of his community's history, and his story sounds remarkably familiar.

"Certainly from the 1650s, even in those early decades of arrival of the Jews in England, it would seem that Jews were very rapidly anglicising their names. But also at that time we begin to see what we call radical assimilation. Some of those very early Jews left the centres of population like London and they went as far away as possible."

Radical assimilation, Jacobs argues, crucially involved one thing - abandoning a Jewish name altogether.

"You were saying, look, no longer am I Braunberg. I'm now Mr Philips and I'm going to establish myself in this town and I'm going to marry someone who isn't Jewish because I'm going to leave my Judaism aside."

But by the early 1900s, growing hysteria over the arrival of large numbers of Eastern Europeans led the British Government to insist on a public declaration - in the London Gazette newspaper - of who was coming here and what they were called. The lists ran to hundreds if not thousands of names.

It appears that, for most, becoming the quintessential Englishman - regardless of whether you remained a practising Jew - meant adopting a quintessentially English name.

In 21st Century Britain, however, many second and third generation immigrants have lost the foreign sound, language and look. Surely, a foreign name is irrelevant?

Research by the Department for Work and pensions suggests otherwise, showing that jobseekers with a foreign name are at a disadvantage.

West Indian immigrants aboard a train in the 1950s

Even so, Iqbal Wahab, founder of British fine dining restaurant Roast and former chair of the government's advisory board on ethnic minorities, says prejudice is on the wane.

"It's not so much an overt bias as we used to have in the old days," he says. Instead, he blames the "appalling" way firms go about recruitment and says methods must be challenged.

He says that falls at the door of both employers and the government but argues that people from ethnic minorities carry a responsibility not to over-anticipate bias against their names. Skill and confidence trump prejudice, he says.

Not everyone agrees. Shahid Iqbal owns an engineering company in Birmingham. It was when he began applying for jobs, aged 18, that he realised revealing his Muslim identity was proving problematic.

He took a second, very British, name - Richard Brown. When applying as his English alter ego, he says, he suddenly found that vacancies he'd previously been told were filled were now open. When he launched his company, he kept Richard Brown around.

"Changing your name was a case of opening the doors," he says. "So in business now I approach my customers as Richard Brown and quite a few have openly admitted that if I'd approached them as Shahid Iqbal, they wouldn't have given us the opportunity."

According to Iqbal, things are not improving. "Just a couple of years ago, we had a very big meeting at our place where some multinational companies were present. This was in January during a major snow situation and people drove for several hours in the snow to get to our factory.

"As soon as a couple of individuals walked in and they saw that we were coloured, they literally turned round, walked back out and drove back down to London."

Iqbal has found a compromise. Feeling comfortable with it is another thing.

Rabbi Lionel Blue says he'd rather be called Pete Brown, and poet Musa Okwonga recounts how his family were forced to flee Africa because of their name.

But the social historian David Schurer suggests the rules about naming children in Britain are now a thing of the past.

Mostly, people change names to achieve what we all want - to be part of the gang, get on in life and be liked.

Should we? That's harder to answer.

Perhaps it involves two basic British values - freedom of choice and good manners. While I don't expect people to always say my name correctly, I do expect them to try.

Taken from HERE.

Jakarta aims to reduce traffic by 40 percent in 2 years

The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Headlines | Tue, November 13 2012 - Paper Edition | Page: 2


It is now one of the most frequently asked questions: “Does the new Jakarta administration have an effective method to ease traffic?”

The answer is that not only one, but four methods would be applied at the same time to reduce the capital’s gridlock problem by 40 percent, by 2014.

City traffic police deputy director Adj. Sr. Comr. Wahyono said on Monday that his division and the Jakarta Transportation Agency had met on Friday to discuss several measures deemed effective to control the number of vehicles on the road.

“We have agreed to resort to the implementation of an electronic road pricing (ERP) system, firm enforcement of regulations on both traffic and spatial planning as well as vehicle limitation to achieve the targeted 40 percent reduction,” he said.

The police and the transportation agency were currently working on details on the traffic policy, Wahyono added.

Last week, newly installed Governor Joko “Jokowi” Widodo and Jakarta Police chief Insp. Gen. Putut Eko Bayuseno had promised to make “breakthroughs” in easing the city’s heavy traffic.

Jakarta is estimated to suffer from total gridlock by 2014 as the number of vehicles on the road has been rising by 11.26 percent every year, while the number of new roads has only increased by 0.01 percent each year.

Currently, according to traffic police data, 20.7 million people go in and out of the capital on a daily basis and 56.8 percent of them use their own vehicle.

The data also shows that on average, commuters need 120 minutes of travel time to get to their destination, with only 40 percent moving time.

Jokowi had previously said that he was optimistic about the implementation of the pricing system next year after the central government finally approved the pivotal legal basis for its execution.

The police had suggested that the administration set an ERP trip charge somewhere between Rp 50,000 (US$5.20) and Rp 100,000.

The city, however, has said that a trip charge of between Rp 6,500 and Rp 21,000 for the planned ERP system would be enough to reduce private vehicle use, reflecting inflation and economic growth.

“The pricing system is expected to discourage motorists from using private cars and use public transportation instead. But, we need a gubernatorial regulation for the implementation,” Wahyono said.

Besides the pricing system, Wahyono said that the police and the administration had also agreed to crack down on-street parking and sidewalk vendors to create more space for motorists.

“On-street parking and sidewalks vendors occupy space for motorists, narrowing the roads, leading to congestion,” he said.

Wahyono said that the police and administration would also deploy a number of transportation agency officers, Jakarta Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) and traffic police officers to 70 congestion-prone areas in the capital.

“The sources of congestion in those areas vary, besides they serve as main and busy roads. Officers from the agency and the Satpol PP are required to clamp down on on-street parking, sidewalk vendors and public transportation vehicles that stop illegally,” he said.

Wahyono, however, said that nothing mentioned above would work well if the numbers of vehicles in the capital kept increasing.

He said that the police and the administration would look over possible ways to limit the number of vehicles running on the city streets, deeming that banning Jakartans from buying new vehicles would be impossible.

“Banning people from buying cars may violate free trade, so the best we can do is to allow only certain vehicles — either by color, manufacture year or the number on its license plate — taking turns to run on the streets only on certain days,” he said.

  • Total road length: 7,208 km
  • Road growth: 0.01% per annum
  • Total numbers of vehicle: 13,347,802
  • Motorcycles: 9,861,451 
  • Passenger cars: 2,541,351 
  • Commercial vehicles: 581,290 
  • Buses: 363,710

Taken from HERE.

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